This ch apter is named after the reference to Luqman in who is reckoned to be a Muslim.
Sayings attributed to Luqman
“We be
stowed (in the past) wisdom on Luqman Show (thy) gratitude to Allah. Any who is (so) grateful does so to the profit of his own soul: but if any is ungrateful, verily Allah is free of all wants, Worthy of all praise. Behold, Luqman said to his son by way of instruction: O my son! join not in worship (others) with Allah: for false worship is indeed the highest wrong-doing.” (v 12, 13)
“O my son! If there be (but) the weight of a mustard-seed and it were (hidden) in a rock, or (anywhere) in the heavens or on earth, Allah will bring it forth: for Allah understands the finest mysteries, (and) is well-acquainted” (v 16).
“O my son! establish regular prayer, enjoin what is just, and forbid what is wrong: and bear with patient constancy whatever betide thee; for this is firmness (of purpose) in (the conduct of) affairs” (v.17).
“And be moderate in thy pace, and lower thy voice; for the harshest of sounds without doubt is the braying of the ass.” (v 19)
Luqman is said to have directed this last saying during a dispute with some Jews who had stated that all knowledge came only through the Torah.
“And if all the trees on earth were pens and the ocean (were ink), with seven oceans behind it to add to its (supply), yet would not the words of Allah be exhausted” (v 27)
An Arab tradition places him as a legendary figure from the period of Arab paganism. He was offered long life and the length of his life was measured to being the equivalent of the length of the life of seven vultures, with his life ending on the death of the seventh vulture. He was thought to belong to the Arab tribe of Hud and was said to be the first to punish adultery by stoning his unfaithful wife and her paramour. He is also said to have cut off the hand of a robber.
Muhammad seems to consider that due to his exceptional wisdom he was able to produce many proverbs and later writers considered him as a sort of Aesop of the Arabs who was described in legend as having the appearance of a deformed slave. Below are two examples from the text of this sura.
Arab writers claim that he was from the offspring of Job and lived for several cen turies down to the time of Jonah. The story is also told that God offered him the choice of being either a prophet or wise man; he chose the latter and became King David’s advisor.
An unbeliever rebuked for his contempt of the Quran
“But there are, among men, those who purchase idle tales, without knowledge (or meaning), to mislead (men) from the path of Allah and throw ridicule (on the path): for such there will be a humiliating penalty. When Our signs are rehearsed to such a one, he turns away in arrogance, as if he heard them not, as if there were deafness in both his ears: announce to him a grievous penalty” (v 6, 7).
Nadhir ibn al-Harith responded to Muhammad’s challenge to bring a production of a book like the Quran, at least in respect of rhyme and rhetoric. While travelling in Persia he had purchased the romance of the Persian heroes Rostem and Esfendiar which were four hundred years later highly acclaimed by the revered Persian poet Firdousi. Nadhir either versified, or put into rhyme these tales and read them out at meetings not dissimilar to those where Muhammad recited the Quran. Ibn Hisham tells us that these stories were well known in Medina from before the birth of Muhammad for even during his life, the Persians had ruled parts of the Arabian Peninsula and had influenced the Arabs. Nadhir was taken prisoner at the battle of Badr. Ransom was refused and according to Baidawi (vol. 2 p. 112) he was put to death.
Exhortation not to be deceived
“O mankind! do your duty to your Lord, and fear a day when no father can avail aught for his son, nor a son avail aught for his father. Verily, the promise of Allah is true: let not then this present life deceive you, nor let the chief deceiver deceive you about Allah. Verily the knowledge of the hour is with Allah. It is He who sends down rain, and He who knows what is in the wombs. Nor does any one know what it is that he will earn on the morrow: Nor does any one know in what land he is to die. Verily with Allah is full knowledge and He is acquainted (with all things)” (v 33 ,34).
According to a tradition these are the five keys of secret knowledge: 1) The time of the day of judgement; 2) The time of rain; 3) What is being formed in the womb; 4) What shall happen tomorrow; 5) Where a person is to die.We supply the relevat hadith: Narrated Abdullah: Allah’s Apostle said, The key of the unseen are five: Verily with Allah is the knowledge of the hour He sends down the rain and knows what is in the wombs. No soul knows what it will earn tomorrow, and no soul knows in what land it will die. Verily, Allah is All-Knower, All-Aware. (Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 151)
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Sura 32. As-Sajdah (The Prostration) Mecca
The object of this sura is to rebuke and warn the Qurraish on account of their obstinate unbelief in the Quran, no further comment is necessary, the verses are self explanatory. The name of the chapter is taken from verse 15:”Only those believe in Our signs, who, when they are recited to them, fall down in prostration.” In this act of worship the person’s forehead touches the ground in prostration.
The Quran, the truth for the Arabs
“(This is) the revelation of the Book in which there is no doubt, from the Lord of the worlds. Or do they say, He has forged it? Nay, it is the truth from thy Lord, that thou mayest admonish a people to whom no warner has come before thee: in order that they may receive guidance” (v 2, 3).
God alone the creator of all things
“It is Allah Who has created the heavens and the earth, and all between them, in six days, and is firmly established on the throne: ye have none, besides Him, to protect or intercede: will ye not then receive admonition?” (v 4)
Hell will be filled with jinn and men
“If only thou couldst see when the guilty ones will bend low their heads before their Lord, (saying) Our Lord! We have seen and we have heard: Now then send us back (to the world): we will work righteousness: for we do indeed (now) believe. If We had so willed, We could certainly have brought every soul its true guidance: but the word from Me will come true, I will fill Hell with Jinns and men all together. Taste ye then for ye forgot the meeting of this day of yours, and We too will forget you taste ye the penalty of eternity for your deeds!” (v 12-14)
No escape from Hell – the penalty of the fire
“As to those who are rebellious and wicked, their abode will be the fire: every time they wish to get away therefrom, they will be forced there into, and it will be said to them: Taste ye the penalty of the fire, the which ye were wont to reject as false.” (v 20)
The book of the law given to Moses
“We did indeed aforetime give the Book to Moses: be not then in doubt of its reaching (thee): and We made it a guide to the Children of Israel” (v 23).
Exhortation to believe by the fate of the ruined cities
“Does it not teach them a lesson, how many generations We destroyed before them, in whose dwellings they (now) go to and fro?
Verily in that are signs: Do they not then listen?” (v 26)
Exhortation to believe by the natural world
“And do they not see that We do drive rain to parched soil (bare of herbage), and produce therewith crops, providing food for their cattle and themselves? Have they not the vision?” (v 27)
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Sura 33 Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) Medina
Th
e chapter takes its name from the confederate tribes which attacked Medina on the instigation of the Jewish tribe of Nadhir who had been driven out of their settlement near Medina a year before. They were repulsed at the battle of the Ditch. Part of the chapter also considers the conduct of the ‘hypocrites,’ those insincere inhabitants of Medina. Of particular interest are the references to Muhammad’s wives and the marriage with the divorced wife of Zaid, his adopted son.
The closeness of the Prophet
“The Prophet is closer to the believers than their own selves” (v 6).
It is said that this verse was revealed when he called some of his followers to be with him as he began preparations for the Tabuk campaign. They sought leave from their fathers and mothers but Muhammad revealed that he was far dearer then them and he deserved their utmost respect and love.
The following hadith on the same subject is in more general terms. Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Hisham: We were with the Prophet and he was holding the hand of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab. ‘Umar said to Him, O Allah’s Apostle! You are dearer to me than everything except my own self. The Prophet said, No, by Him in whose hand my soul is, (you will not have complete faith) till I am dearer to you than your own self. Then ‘Umar said to him, However, now, by Allah, you are dearer to me than my own self. The Prophet said, Now, O ‘Umar, (now you are a believer). Bukhari Volume 8, Book 78, Number 628.
The Confederate force makes no gains despite the “hypocrites”
And behold! The Hypocrites and those in whose hearts is a disease say: “Allah and His Messenger promised us nothing but delusion!” Behold! A party among them said: “Ye men of Yathrib! ye cannot stand (the attack)! therefore go back!” And a band of them ask for leave of the Prophet, saying, “Truly our houses are bare and exposed,” though they were not exposed they intended nothing but to run away.
Say: “Running away will not profit you if ye are running away from death or slaughter; and even if (ye do escape), no more than a brief (respite) will ye be allowed to enjoy!” ……………………………….. And Allah turned back the unbelievers for (all) their fury: no advantage did they gain; and enough is Allah for the believers in their fight.(v. 12, 13, 16 & 25).
As the Confederates pressed further with their siege a number wanted to return from the outer defence works into the city but were rebuked with this revelation. The Quarraish suddenly raised the siege and retired while Muhammad in the eyes of his followers became stronger.
God’s favour to Muslims at the battle of the Ditch
“O ye who believe! Remember the grace of Allah, on you, when there came down on you hosts (to overwhelm you): But We sent against them a hurricane and forces that ye saw not: but Allah sees all that ye do. Behold! they came on you from above you and from below you, and behold, the eyes became dim and the hearts gaped up to the throats, and ye imagined various thoughts about Allah!” (v 9, 10)
The Qurraish and Jewish confederation, numbering 12,000 besieged Medina. On the advice of Salman, the Persian, Muhammad ordered a deep ditch to be dug around the city which he defended with 3,000 men. After a month with little activity, a bitter cold east wind one night blew out the fires of the confederates, overturned their tents, and put them into confusion, causing them to flee. Muhammad ascribes the storm to angelic agency.
Muhammad, an excellent example
“Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern for any one whose hope is in Allah and the final day,
and who engages much in the praise of Allah” (v.21).
At the time of the confederates attack Muhammad showed the example of firmness in danger; confidence in divine assistance and constancy in worship. The question of the excellency of his morals is another matter and one example is considered below in the siege of the Jewish tribe of Qurayza and the quantity of his wives.
The slaughter of the Qurayza Jews
“And those of the People of the Book who aided them Allah did take them down from their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts some ye slew, and some ye made prisoners.* And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses, and their goods, and of a land which ye had not frequented. And Allah has power over all things” (v 26,27).
After the unsuccessful confederate siege of Medina, Muhammad made a successful expedition against the Jews of Qurayza, for their alleged treason and violation of treaties. The Qurayza Jewish tribe, though in league with Muhammad, had gone over and assisted the Qurraish at Medina. When the confederates had withdrawn, the angel Gabriel is said to have appeared to Muhammad and encouraged him to attack the Jewish tribe, ‘as the angels had not yet laid down their arms.’ After a siege of twenty-five days the tribe capitulated. Sa’d ibn Moaz, a chief of the tribe of the Aws, who had been wounded at the battle of the ditch against the tribe, was asked to decide upon the fate of the captives. His judgement was that the men should be beheaded, the women and children be sold into slavery, and the spoil be divided among the Muslims. Muhammad then said: ‘The judgement of Sa’d is the judgement of the Lord pronounced on high from above the seventh heaven.’ Trenches were dug in the bazaar of Medina for the disposal of the 600 Jewish bodies who had been slaughtered during the night. (See Ibn Hisham: The Prophet’s Biography; volume 2, pages 40 and 41).
Muhammad’s wives ask for a higher allowance
“O Prophet! say to your wives:If you desire this world’s life and its adornment, then come,
I will give you a provision and allow you to depart a goodly departing” (v 28).
After the increase in riches due to the benefits in removing the Qurayza tribe the wives of the prophet seek an improvement in their circumstances. In response Muhammad threatens to divorce them all but rather than having the divorce option they withdraw their request.
Muhammad’s permission to take his adopted son Zaid’s wife
“B
ehold! Thou didst say to one who had received the grace of Allah and thy favour: Retain thou thy wife, and fear Allah. But thou didst hide in thy heart that which Allah was about to make manifest: thou didst fear the people, but it is more fitting that thou shouldst fear Allah. Then when Zaid had dissolved (his marriage) with her, with the necessary (formality), We joined her in marriage to thee: in order that there may be no difficulty to the believers in marriage with the wives of their adopted sons, when the latter have dissolved with the necessary (formality) (their marriage) with them. And Allah’s command must be fulfilled. There can be no difficulty to the Prophet in what Allah has indicated to him as a duty. It was the practice of Allah amongst those of old that have passed away. And the command of Allah is a decree determined” (v 37, 38).
The one favoured was Zaid. The favour of Allah consisted in him becoming a Muslim. The favour of Muhammad was that he had publicly adopted him as his son and heir. Zaid, one of the very early converts to Islam, and Abu Lahab are the only contemporaries of Muhammad mentioned by name in the Quran.
Muhammad, happened one day to visit the house of his adopted son, Zaid, and finding him not at home, accidentally saw his daughter-in-law Zainab unveiled. Smitten with her beauty, Muhammad exclaimed,’ Praise belonged unto God, who turneth the hearts of men even as He will.’ These words were overheard by Zainab, who proud of her conquest, told her husband about it. Zaid went at once to Muhammad, and offered to divorce his wife for him. At first Muhammad refused, for it was a thing unheard of to marry the divorced wife of an adopted son; but Zaid carried out his proposal. Muhammad after waiting for the term of her divorce to expire at last resolved to have her. Sitting by ‘Ayesha he professed to have a revelation from God, and said, ‘Who will run and tell Zainab that the Lord hath joined her to me in marriage?’ Zainab was overjoyed, and gave the messenger all the jewels she had on her person. The marriage caused a great scandal, and to save his reputation, Muhammad sought to justify his conduct by affirming that it was done by God’s command, as shown in this chapter. Zainab afterwards used to vaunt herself as the one wife of Muhammad who had been given in marriage by God himself.
The Seal of the Prophets
“Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets:
and Allah has full knowledge of all things” (v 40).
Among the reasons for the Arabs believing that Muhammad was a prophet was the evidence of a mole of an unusual size on Muhammad’s back. They believed this lump was a divine seal, according to the predictions of the scriptures, and marked him out as the Seal of the Prophets. Muhammad himself may not have encouraged the sign of the tissue on his back as a supernatural sign of his prophetic mission. The relevant hadith is as follows: Narrated As-Sa’ib: My aunt took me to Allah’s Apostle and said, O Allah’s Apostle! My nephew is ill. The Prophet touched my head with his hand and invoked Allah to bless me. He then performed ablution and I drank of the remaining water of his ablution and then stood behind his back and saw Khatam An-Nubuwwa (The Seal of Prophethood) between his shoulders like a button of a tent (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 70, Number 574).
A law of a divorcee
“O ye who believe! When ye marry believing women, and then divorce them before ye have touched them, no period of ‘Iddat have ye to count in respect of th em: so give them a present. And set them free in a handsome manner” (v 49).
If a wife is divorced before the marriage has been consummated, and no dower has been given, she is not bound to be kept for any time, but may be dismissed with a present. If a woman had a dowry, this must be returned.
Special revelation for Muhammad to have multiple wives
O
Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Mecca) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her; this only for thee, and not for the believers. We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess; in order that there should be no difficulty for thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (v 50).
Other Muslims were not allowed to marry more than four wives. Muhammad it is said by the express command of God, with the restrictions mentioned, was allowed to take as many as he pleased; he was also allowed to marry the daughters of his uncles and aunts which was forbidden in other cases.
Further concessions in marriage
“Thou mayest defer (the turn of) any of them that thou pleasest, and thou mayest receive any thou pleasest:
and there is no blame on thee if thou invite one whose (turn) thou hadst set aside” (v 51).
Further privileges were granted to Muhammad. Other men were obliged to conduct themselves equally towards their wives but the Prophet was free to act in the manner he thought best. Here is a relevant hadith: Narrated Aisha: I used to look down upon those ladies who had given themselves to Allah’s Apostle and I used to say, Can a lady give herself (to a man)? But when Allah revealed: You (O Muhammad) can postpone (the turn of) whom you will of them (your wives), and you may receive any of them whom you will; and there is no blame on you if you invite one whose turn you have set aside (temporarily).’ I said (to the Prophet), I feel that your Lord hastens in fulfilling your wishes and desires (Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 311).
Restrictions on concession
“It is not lawful for thee (to marry more) women after this, nor to change them for (other) wives, even though their beauty attract thee, except any thy right hand should possess (as handmaidens)” (v.52)
The commentators differ over the meaning of this verse. Some say that Muhammad was forbidden to marry any more than the nine wives he at this time had; some say that if he divorced any, or any should die, he could not marry any more; some say that he was forbidden from marrying any other women apart from those in the four categories of verse 50; some say that this verse is abrogated by the preceding two verses as it is thought that this verse was revealed before them although it occurs later in the passage.
A new etiquette
- “O ye who believe! Enter not the Prophet’s houses, until leave is given you, for a meal, (and then) not (so early as) to wait for its preparation: but when ye are invited, enter; and when ye have taken your meal, disperse, without seeking familiar talk. Such (behaviour) annoys the Prophet: he is ashamed to dismiss you, but Allah is not ashamed (to tell you) the truth” (v.53).
After Muhammad’s rise to power the old familiarity of previous years was abandoned by this revelation.
Muhammad’s wives to be questioned from behind a curtain
“And when ye ask for anything ye want, ask them from before a screen: that makes for greater purity for your hearts and for theirs. Nor is it right for you that ye should annoy Allah’s Messenger, or that ye should marry his widows after him at any time. Truly such a thing is in Allah’s sight an enormity” (v.53).
In order to prevent familiarity with his wives a curtain of separation was drawn. It is said that on one occasion Muhammad had become uneasy because ’Ayesha’s hand had accidentally touched one of his companions and so this verse was revealed. Here is a relevant hadith: Narrated Anas bin Malik: I of all the people know best this verse of Al-Hijab. When Allah’s Apostle married Zainab bint Jahsh she was with him in the house and he prepared a meal and invited the people (to it). They sat down (after finishing their meal) and started chatting. So the Prophet went out and then returned several times while they were still sitting and talking. So Allah revealed the verse: ‘O you who believe! Enter not the Prophet’s houses until leave is given to you for a meal, (and then) not to wait for its preparation ….. ask them from behind a screen.’ So the screen was set up and the people went away.”(Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 314 & 315)
Purdah – Modesty when going outside
“O Prophet! Tell thy wives and daughters, and the believing women, that they should cast their outer garments over their persons (when abroad):
that is most convenient, that they should be known (as such) and not molested. (v 59).
Here are some comments by Sir William Muir: ‘The purdah imposed on women may at first sight appear a mere negative evil, a social custom comparatively harmless; but in truth it has a more debilitating effect upon the Muslim people than anything else, for by it a woman is totally withdrawn from her proper place in the social circle. Islam’s view of society is a truncated and imperfect exhibition of humanity; it is wanting in one of its constituent parts, the better half, the humanizing and softening element. As well as this, the link connecting the family with social and public life is detached. Such is the outcome of an attempt to improve upon nature, and banish woman, the helpmate of man, from the position assigned to her by God in the world.’
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Sura 34. Saba’ (Mecca)
The chapter is very similar to other Meccan suras as the Qurraish continue accusing Muhammad of forgery and madness. They believed that they were secure and that the devastation that occurred in Saba’ could not happen to them. Two non-biblical legends of David and Solomon are placed in this sura. The mention of Saba’(and its destruction), to the south of Arabia is the occasion for the title of this chapter and its details are recorded below.
Meccans reject Muhammad’s warning of the hour of judgement
“The unbelievers say, Never to us will come the hour” (v 3)
“Has he invented a falsehood against Allah, or has a spirit (seized) him?” (v 8a)
Meccans should be thankful as David was
“We bestowed grace aforetime on David from ourselves:
O ye mountains! Sing ye back the praises of Allah with him! and ye birds!
And We made the iron soft for him;
Make thou coats of mail, balancing well the rings of chain armour, and work ye righteousness; for be sure I see all that ye do.” (v 10, 11)
The Arabs often called an excellent coat of mail a Dawudi. In this fictitious story David they say, applied himself to the making of coats of mail, not for warfare, but rather as a disguise. In the Miratu’z Zaman, disguised in his armour people were asked about the conduct of David. All praised him until one person accused him of taking money from the public treasury. David wished to show himself as a person who could live independently, so God made the iron soft, like thread, in his hands and then he sold the coats of mail. With the profits, he was able to obtain food for himself, feed his family and give to charity.
The wonders of Solomon
“A
nd to Solomon (We made) the wind (obedient):Its early morning (stride) was a months (journey), and its evening (stride) was a months (journey); and We made a font of molten brass to flow for him; and there were Jinns that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord, and if any of them turned aside from our command, We made him taste of the penalty of the blazing fire. They worked for him as he desired, (making) arches, images, basins as large as reservoirs, and (cooking) cauldrons fixed: Work ye, sons of David, with thanks! But few of My servants are grateful! Then, when We decreed (Solomon’s) death, nothing showed them his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept (slowly) gnawing away at his staff: so when he fell down, the Jinns saw plainly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have tarried in the humiliating penalty” (v 12-14).
The legend, probably Jewish is as follows. As Solomon perceived that he would die before the completion of the temple which jinns were building, he wished his death to be kept secret from them. He died as he stood at prayers, leaning on his staff which supported his body for a whole year. The jinns supposing him to be alive kept on working. At last worms ate through the staff, and when the corpse fell and they discovered that he was dead. The legend is further embellished when it is said that some of the lion images would stretch out their paws when Solomon sat down on his throne, while eagles shaded him with their wings, and the dishes were said to be so large that a thousand men might eat out of each of them at once!
The Bible states that Solomon lived twenty-five years after the temple was built!
The punishment of prosperous Saba’
“There was, for Saba, aforetime, a sign in their home-land two gardens to the right and to the left. Eat of the sustenance (provided) by your Lord, and be grateful to Him: a territory fair and happy, and a Lord Oft-Forgiving! but they turned away, and We sent against them the flood from the dams, and We converted their two garden into gardens producing bitter fruit, and tamarisks, and some few Lote-trees at was the requital We gave them because they ungratefully rejected faith: and never do We give requital except to such as are ungrateful rejecters. Between them and the cities on which We had poured our blessings, We had placed cities in prominent positions, and between them We had appointed stages of journey in due proportion: Travel therein, secure, by night and by day. But they said: Our Lord! place longer distances between our journey-stages: but they wronged themselves. At length We made them as a tale, and We dispersed them all in scattered fragments” (v 15-19).
Saba’ was said to have been situated in the south of Arabia about thirty miles from Sana’. It is supposed to have been the capital of Queen Balqis. The passage alludes to the cessation of trading between them and Syria, which led them to desire the lengthening of the stages so as to reduce the expense of the journey. On account of the wickedness of the people, a great reservoir of water, built by the queen, burst and brought terrible destruction. The gardens then only produced bitter fruit.
The proposed punishment of prosperous Mecca
“They said: We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished.” (v 35)
“It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us in degree: but only those who believe and work righteousness these are the ones for whom there is a multiplied reward for their deeds, while secure they (reside) in the dwellings on high! Those who strive against Our signs, to frustrate them, will be given over into punishment “(v 37, 38).
Meccans believe the Quran is forged and Muhammad is mad
“When Our clear signs are rehearsed to them, they say, This is only a man who wishes to hinder you from the (worship) which your fathers practised
. And they say, This is only a falsehood invented! and the unbelievers say of the truth when it comes to them, This is nothing but evident magic!” (v. 43)
Muhammad’s defence
“We had not given them (Arabs) books which they could study, nor sent messengers to them before thee as warners. And their predecessors rejected (the truth); these have not received a tenth of what We had granted to those: yet when they rejected My messengers, how (terrible) was My rejection! Say: I do admonish you on one point: that ye do stand up before Allah, (It may be) in pairs, or singly, and reflect: your companion is not possessed: he is no less than a warner to you, in face of a terrible penalty. Say: No reward do I ask of you: it is in your interest: my reward is only due from Allah: And He is witness to all things.” (v 44-47)
Muhammad defence is that prophets sent to warn previous peoples were reckoned as impostors and he like them is only a warner who is not seeking material gain.
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